In 2001, a cat named CC was the first pet to be created through cloning. Clones can even “resurrect” a beloved pet that has died. Livestock like cows and pigs have been cloned to produce more milk or meat. Animals have been cloned to have gene mutations that help scientists study diseases that develop in the animals. The cloning of animals has been used in a number of different applications. Scientists can turn them into nerve cells to fix a damaged spinal cord or insulin-making cells to treat diabetes. Stem cells are an early form of cells that can grow into many different types of cells and tissues. An embryo made by cloning can be turned into a stem cell factory. There are also ethical concerns about cloning a human being. It took scientists 276 attempts to get Dolly right. In each attempt, there can be genetic mistakes that prevent the clone from surviving. In part, this is because it is difficult to produce a viable clone. They still have not cloned a human, though. Since then, scientists have cloned cows, cats, deer, horses, and rabbits. She was cloned using an udder cell taken from an adult sheep. In 1996, Scottish scientists cloned the first animal, a sheep they named Dolly. Then the embryo is implanted into an adult female’s uterus to grow. The egg develops into an embryo that contains the same genes as the cell donor. To make a clone, scientists transfer the DNA from an animal’s somatic cell into an egg cell that has had its nucleus and DNA removed. Somatic cells, on the other hand, already contain two full sets of chromosomes. Sperm and egg cells contain only one set of chromosomes, and when they join during fertilization, the mother’s chromosomes merge with the father’s.
Somatic cells are all the cells that make up an organism, but that are not sperm or egg cells. The second method is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. Each part of the embryo develops into a unique animal, and the two animals share the same genes. Those two halves are then placed in a mother’s uterus. Scientists first split an embryo in half. Every time that carrier reproduces, a new copy of the gene is made.Īnimals are cloned in one of two ways. To clone a gene, researchers take DNA from a living creature and insert it into a carrier like bacteria or yeast. They often clone genes in order to study and better understand them. Identical twins are created when a fertilized egg splits in two.
In humans, identical twins are similar to clones. Single-celled organisms like bacteria make exact copies of themselves each time they reproduce. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned. Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things.
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